Medical Data Analysis
Quantitative Analysis on Medical Records
GOALS: The goal of the research was to measure the effectiveness of the treatment administered on an
outpatient basis, for the rehabilitation of paralyzed limbs. The treatment consisted in the administration of
Botulinum Toxin Type B. The efficacy of treatment was about three main aspects: - Function of limbs
- Activities carried out with the arts - Participation in social life
METHOD
This statistical analysis was performed on a sample of 331 patients suffering from stroke, with paralysis
outcomes of arts, who have completed rehabilitation on an outpatient basis.
To measure the effectiveness of the treatment, a questionnaire was administered, with various items related
to the three main aspects mentioned above. Patients were able to record their answers based on a four-level
scale: 1 = very good; 2 = good; 3 = moderate; 4 = moderate
The questionnaire was administered in two different times: after one month and after three months
following the start of treatment.
The outcome was assessed according to the differences in the scores recorded by the two surveys, in terms
of: improvement, no change or deterioration.
RESULTS
I performed the statistical analysis, which revealed a significant connection between the number of
treatments and changes in the judgments made by patients, concerning the issue of participation in social
life after three months, compared to a month (after start of treatment). In addition, it emerged that the
judgments of the patients depended significantly by each hospital in which they received assistance.
Therefore, it was highlighted the importance of two factors: the number of treatments and the role of the
particular clinic, where treatments were administered.
T-Test
Group Statistics
One treatment or more
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Function outcome after the
One treatment
100
2.66
.934
first month
Two or more treatments
118
2.47
.913
Activity outcome after the
One treatment
99
2.61
.901
first month
Two or more treatments
117
2.45
.914
Participation outcome after
One treatment
100
2.53
.969
the first month
Two or more treatments
144
2.20
.874
Function outcome after the
One treatment
96
2.93
.897
third month
Two or more treatments
106
2.58
.935
Activity outcome after the
One treatment
96
2.77
.900
third month
Two or more treatments
108
2.61
.905
Participation outcome after
One treatment
96
2.67
.959
the third month
Two or more treatments
133
2.27
.880
Group Statistics
One treatment or more
Function outcome after the first month
Activity outcome after the first month
Participation outcome after the first month
Function outcome after the third month
Activity outcome after the third month
Std. Error Mean
One treatment
.093
Two or more treatments
.084
One treatment
.091
Two or more treatments
.085
One treatment
.097
Two or more treatments
.073
One treatment
.092
Two or more treatments
.091
One treatment
.092
Two or more treatments
.087
Participation outcome after the third month One treatment
Two or more treatments
.098
.076
Independent Samples Test
t-test for
Function outcome after the
Equal variances assumed
first month
Equal variances not
Levene's Test for Equality of
Equality of
Variances
Means
F
Sig.
t
.021
.885
-
assumed
Activity outcome after the
Equal variances assumed
first month
Equal variances not
.001
.974
-
assumed
Participation outcome after
Equal variances assumed
the first month
Equal variances not
6.671
.010
-
assumed
Function outcome after the
Equal variances assumed
third month
Equal variances not
2.266
.134
-
assumed
Activity outcome after the
Equal variances assumed
third month
Equal variances not
.119
.731
-
assumed
Participation outcome after
Equal variances assumed
the third month
Equal variances not
3.382
.067
-
assumed
Independent Samples Test
t-test for Equality of Means
Function outcome after the
Equal variances assumed
first month
Equal variances not assumed
Activity outcome after the first Equal variances assumed
month
Equal variances not assumed
Participation outcome after
Equal variances assumed
the first month
Equal variances not assumed
Function outcome after the
Equal variances assumed
third month
Equal variances not assumed
Activity outcome after the
Equal variances assumed
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean Difference
216
.141
.185
208.469
.142
.185
214
.219
.153
209.054
.218
.153
242
.006
.329
198.567
.007
.329
200
.009
.342
199.311
.009
.342
202
.209
.160
third month
Equal variances not assumed
Participation outcome after
Equal variances assumed
the third month
Equal variances not assumed
199.463
.209
.160
227
.001
.396
194.046
.002
.396
Frequencies
Frequency Table
Function difference 1 - 3 months
Cumulative
Valid
Missing
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
-1
40
12.1
16.0
16.0
0
161
48.6
64.4
80.4
1
41
12.4
16.4
96.8
2
5
1.5
2.0
98.8
3
3
.9
1.2
100.0
Total
250
75.5
100.0
System
81
24.5
331
100.0
Total
Activity difference 1 - 3 months
Cumulative
Valid
Missing
Total
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
-2
1
.3
.4
.4
-1
42
12.7
16.8
17.2
0
167
50.5
66.8
84.0
1
33
10.0
13.2
97.2
2
7
2.1
2.8
100.0
Total
250
75.5
100.0
System
81
24.5
331
100.0
Participation difference 1 - 3 months
Cumulative
Valid
Missing
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
-2
1
.3
.4
.4
-1
40
12.1
14.4
14.8
0
205
61.9
74.0
88.8
1
26
7.9
9.4
98.2
2
5
1.5
1.8
100.0
Total
277
83.7
100.0
System
54
16.3
331
100.0
Total
Function difference 1 - 3 months - into 3 categories
Cumulative
Valid
Missing
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
Progress
40
12.1
16.0
16.0
Steadiness
161
48.6
64.4
80.4
Regress
49
14.8
19.6
100.0
Total
250
75.5
100.0
System
81
24.5
331
100.0
Total
Activity difference 1 - 3 months - into 3 categories
Cumulative
Valid
Missing
Total
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
Progress
43
13.0
17.2
17.2
Steadiness
167
50.5
66.8
84.0
Regress
40
12.1
16.0
100.0
Total
250
75.5
100.0
System
81
24.5
331
100.0
Participation difference 1 - 3 months - into 3 categories
Cumulative
Valid
Missing
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
Progress
41
12.4
14.8
14.8
Steadiness
205
61.9
74.0
88.8
Regress
31
9.4
11.2
100.0
Total
277
83.7
100.0
System
54
16.3
331
100.0
Total
Crosstabs
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid
One treatment or more *
Missing
Total
N
Percent
N
Percent
N
Percent
202
61.0%
129
39.0%
331
100.0%
202
61.0%
129
39.0%
331
100.0%
229
69.2%
102
30.8%
331
100.0%
Function difference 1 - 3
months - into 3 categories
One treatment or more *
Activity difference 1 - 3
months - into 3 categories
One treatment or more *
Participation difference 1 - 3
months - into 3 categories
One treatment or more * Function difference 1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Crosstab
Function
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Miglioramento
One treatment or more
One treatment
Count
% within One treatment or
8
8.3%
more
Two or more treatments
Count
% within One treatment or
9
8.5%
more
Total
Count
% within One treatment or
17
8.4%
more
Crosstab
Function
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Nessuna
variazione
One treatment or more
One treatment
Count
% within One treatment or
64
66.7%
more
Two or more treatments
Count
% within One treatment or
73
68.9%
more
Total
Count
% within One treatment or
137
67.8%
more
Crosstab
Function
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Peggioramento
One treatment or more
One treatment
Count
% within One treatment or
24
25.0%
more
Two or more treatments
Count
% within One treatment or
24
22.6%
more
Total
Count
% within One treatment or
more
48
23.8%
Crosstab
Total
One treatment or more
One treatment
Count
96
% within One treatment or more
Two or more treatments
100.0%
Count
106
% within One treatment or more
Total
100.0%
Count
202
% within One treatment or more
100.0%
Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance
Value
df
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
.155a
2
.925
Likelihood Ratio
.155
2
.925
Linear-by-Linear Association
.106
1
.744
N of Valid Cases
202
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 8.08.
One treatment or more * Activity difference 1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Crosstab
Activity
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Miglioramento
One treatment or more
One treatment
Count
% within One treatment or
6
6.3%
more
Two or more treatments
Count
6
% within One treatment or
5.6%
more
Total
Count
% within One treatment or
12
5.9%
more
Crosstab
Activity difference
1 - 3 months - into
3 categories
Nessuna
variazione
One treatment or more
One treatment
Count
% within One treatment or
72
75.8%
more
Two or more treatments
Count
% within One treatment or
78
72.9%
more
Total
Count
% within One treatment or
150
74.3%
more
Crosstab
Activity difference
1 - 3 months - into
3 categories
Peggioramento
One treatment or more
One treatment
Count
% within One treatment or
17
17.9%
more
Two or more treatments
Count
% within One treatment or
23
21.5%
more
Total
Count
% within One treatment or
more
40
19.8%
Crosstab
Total
One treatment or more
One treatment
Count
95
% within One treatment or more
Two or more treatments
100.0%
Count
107
% within One treatment or more
Total
100.0%
Count
202
% within One treatment or more
100.0%
Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance
Value
df
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
.429a
2
.807
Likelihood Ratio
.430
2
.806
Linear-by-Linear Association
.390
1
.532
N of Valid Cases
202
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 5.64.
One treatment or more * Participation difference 1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Crosstab
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Miglioramento
One treatment or more
One treatment
Count
% within One treatment or
9
9.4%
more
Two or more treatments
Count
% within One treatment or
more
5
3.8%
Total
Count
14
% within One treatment or
6.1%
more
Crosstab
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Nessuna
variazione
One treatment or more
One treatment
Count
70
% within One treatment or
72.9%
more
Two or more treatments
Count
114
% within One treatment or
85.7%
more
Total
Count
184
% within One treatment or
80.3%
more
Crosstab
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Peggioramento
One treatment or more
One treatment
Count
% within One treatment or
17
17.7%
more
Two or more treatments
Count
% within One treatment or
14
10.5%
more
Total
Count
% within One treatment or
31
13.5%
more
Crosstab
Total
One treatment or more
One treatment
Count
% within One treatment or more
Two or more treatments
Count
96
100.0%
133
% within One treatment or more
Total
Count
229
% within One treatment or more
Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance
Value
df
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
6.137a
2
.046
Likelihood Ratio
6.070
2
.048
Linear-by-Linear Association
.071
1
.789
N of Valid Cases
229
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 5.87.
Nonparametric Correlations
Correlations
Function
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Spearman's rho
Function difference 1 - 3
Correlation Coefficient
months - into 3 categories
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Age
Dose
Gender
Time interval
Correlation Coefficient
1,000
.
250
-,022
Sig. (2-tailed)
,739
N
239
Correlation Coefficient
-,167*
Sig. (2-tailed)
,010
N
235
Correlation Coefficient
-,155*
Sig. (2-tailed)
,017
N
237
Correlation Coefficient
100.0%
-,014
100.0%
One treatment or more
Sig. (2-tailed)
,834
N
216
Correlation Coefficient
-,024
Sig. (2-tailed)
,734
N
202
Correlations
Activity difference 1
- 3 months - into 3
categories
Spearman's rho
Activity difference 1 - 3 months -
Correlation Coefficient
into 3 categories
Sig. (2-tailed)
1,000
.
N
Age
250
Correlation Coefficient
Dose
-,093
Sig. (2-tailed)
,152
N
239
-,169**
Correlation Coefficient
Gender
Sig. (2-tailed)
,009
N
235
Correlation Coefficient
Time interval
-,050
Sig. (2-tailed)
,440
N
237
Correlation Coefficient
One treatment or more
-,031
Sig. (2-tailed)
,653
N
216
Correlation Coefficient
,045
Sig. (2-tailed)
,527
N
202
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Spearman's rho
Participation difference 1 - 3
Correlation Coefficient
months - into 3 categories
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Age
Dose
Correlation Coefficient
1,000
.
277
-,038
Sig. (2-tailed)
,556
N
240
Correlation Coefficient
-,100
Sig. (2-tailed)
,108
N
262
Gender
Correlation Coefficient
Time interval
One treatment or more
Sig. (2-tailed)
,137
N
264
Correlation Coefficient
,024
Sig. (2-tailed)
,721
N
217
Correlation Coefficient
,726
N
229
Between-Subjects Factors
N
0
15
2
30
4
6
6
21
7
20
8
14
11
7
12
34
13
7
19
4
20
50
21
24
Gender
Post-inoculation treatment
2
f
92
m
138
.
47
1
76
1,2
17
1,2,3
1,2,3,4
-,023
Sig. (2-tailed)
General Linear Model
Polyclinic_code
-,092
9
13
1,2,3,4,5
2
1,2,3,5
3
1,2,4
6
1,2,5
6
1,5
18
2
13
2,1
1
2,3
13
2,4
2
4
1
5
5
Multivariate Testsa
Hypothesis
Effect
Value
F
df
Partial Eta
Error df
Sig.
Squared
Pillai's Trace
,042
2,403b
3,000 163,000
,070
,042
Wilks' Lambda
,958
2,403b
3,000 163,000
,070
,042
,044
2,403b
3,000 163,000
,070
,042
,044
2,403b
3,000 163,000
,070
,042
Pillai's Trace
,064
3,712b
3,000 163,000
,013
,064
Wilks' Lambda
,936
3,712b
3,000 163,000
,013
,064
,068
3,712b
3,000 163,000
,013
,064
,068
3,712b
3,000 163,000
,013
,064
Pillai's Trace
,400
2,305
33,000 495,000
,000
,133
Wilks' Lambda
,639
2,394
33,000 480,932
,000
,139
Hotelling's Trace
,507
2,482
33,000 485,000
,000
,144
,354
5,314c
11,000 165,000
,000
,262
Pillai's Trace
,050
1,404
6,000 328,000
,213
,025
Wilks' Lambda
,950
1,409b
6,000 326,000
,210
,025
Hotelling's Trace
,052
1,415
6,000 324,000
,208
,026
,049
2,699c
3,000 164,000
,048
,047
Post_inoculation_treat Pillai's Trace
,321
1,318
45,000 495,000
,086
,107
ment
Wilks' Lambda
,708
1,328
45,000 485,012
,081
,109
Hotelling's Trace
,372
1,338
45,000 485,000
,076
,110
,207
2,276c
15,000 165,000
,006
,171
Hotelling's Trace
Roy's Largest
Root
Dose
Hotelling's Trace
Roy's Largest
Root
Polyclinic_code
Roy's Largest
Root
Gender
Roy's Largest
Root
Roy's Largest
Root
Polyclinic_code *
Pillai's Trace
,167
1,217
24,000 495,000
,220
,056
Gender
Wilks' Lambda
,839
1,228
24,000 473,351
,211
,057
Hotelling's Trace
,184
1,238
24,000 485,000
,202
,058
,131
2,699c
8,000 165,000
,008
,116
,321
1,411
42,000 495,000
,049
,107
Post_inoculation_treat Wilks' Lambda
,706
1,438
42,000 484,301
,041
,110
ment
Hotelling's Trace
,380
1,464
42,000 485,000
,034
,113
Roy's Largest
,251
2,962c
14,000 165,000
,000
,201
,169
1,095
27,000 495,000
,340
,056
Post_inoculation_treat Wilks' Lambda
,839
1,097
27,000 476,686
,338
,057
ment
Hotelling's Trace
,184
1,099
27,000 485,000
,336
,058
Roy's Largest
,114
2,086c
9,000 165,000
,033
,102
,059
1,671
6,000 328,000
,127
,030
,941
1,683b
6,000 326,000
,124
,030
Post_inoculation_treat Hotelling's Trace
,063
1,694
6,000 324,000
,122
,030
ment
,060
3,282c
3,000 164,000
,022
,057
Roy's Largest
Root
Polyclinic_code *
Pillai's Trace
Root
Gender *
Pillai's Trace
Root
Polyclinic_code *
Gender *
Pillai's Trace
Wilks' Lambda
Roy's Largest
Root
a. Design: + Dose + Polyclinic_code + Gender + Post_inoculation_treatment + Polyclinic_code * Gender +
Polyclinic_code * Post_inoculation_treatment + Gender * Post_inoculation_treatment + Polyclinic_code *
Gender * Post_inoculation_treatment
b. Exact statistic
c. The statistic is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level.
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Type III
Sum of
Source
Dependent Variable
Corrected Model
Function difference
Squares
Mean
df
Square
Partial Eta
F
Sig.
Squared
45,806a
66
,694
2,948
,000
,541
49,834b
66
,755
4,140
,000
,623
39,763c
66
,602
3,462
,000
,581
,002
1
,002
,008
,928
,000
1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Activity difference 1 3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Function difference
1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Activity difference 1 -
,233
1
,233
1,279
,260
,008
,614
1
,614
3,530
,062
,021
,128
1
,128
,544
,462
,003
,102
1
,102
,558
,456
,003
1,374
1
1,374
7,897
,006
,046
8,783
11
,798
3,391
,000
,184
6,612
11
,601
3,295
,000
,180
4,926
11
,448
2,573
,005
,146
,686
2
,343
1,457
,236
,017
,279
2
,139
,764
,468
,009
,336
2
,168
,964
,383
,012
3,299
15
,220
,934
,528
,078
3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Dose
Function difference
1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Activity difference 1 3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Polyclinic_code
Function difference
1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Activity difference 1 3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Gender
Function difference
1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Activity difference 1 3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Post_inoculation_tre Function difference
atment
1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Activity difference 1 -
4,750
15
,317
1,736
,048
,136
4,955
15
,330
1,898
,027
,147
2,780
8
,347
1,476
,170
,067
,657
8
,082
,450
,889
,021
1,957
8
,245
1,405
,198
,064
4,445
14
,317
1,348
,184
,103
5,938
14
,424
2,325
,006
,165
1,987
14
,142
,815
,652
,065
3,450
9
,383
1,628
,111
,082
1,668
9
,185
1,016
,429
,053
1,290
9
,143
,823
,595
,043
,040
2
,020
,084
,919
,001
3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Polyclinic_code *
Function difference
Gender
1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Activity difference 1 3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Polyclinic_code *
Function difference
Post_inoculation_tre 1 - 3 months - into 3
atment
categories
Activity difference 1 3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Gender *
Function difference
Post_inoculation_tre 1 - 3 months - into 3
atment
categories
Activity difference 1 3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Polyclinic_code *
Function difference
Gender *
1 - 3 months - into 3
Post_inoculation_tre categories
atment
Activity difference 1 -
,152
2
,076
,417
,660
,005
1,656
2
,828
4,759
,010
,055
38,845
165
,235
30,097
165
,182
28,716
165
,174
85,000
232
80,000
232
69,000
232
84,651
231
79,931
231
68,478
231
3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Error
Function difference
1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Activity difference 1 3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Total
Function difference
1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Activity difference 1 3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
Corrected Total
Function difference
1 - 3 months - into 3
categories
Activity difference 1 3 months - into 3
categories
Participation
difference 1 - 3
months - into 3
categories
a. R Squared = ,541 (Adjusted R Squared = ,358)
b. R Squared = ,623 (Adjusted R Squared = ,473)
c. R Squared = ,581 (Adjusted R Squared = ,413)